Government - Police

Like any other government backed department, the police force is crammed to the gunnells with police jargon.

As it is linked to the legal profession the police force jargon is pretty much comprehensive covering all aspects of the police force.

Police jargon is also used very effectively to confuse the public when they carry out their duties.  Anyone stating government legal acronyms at you must surely know what they are doing and be correct in their assessments musn't they? Well it does sound good when fried off the tongue at 300 miles an hour.

Police jargon is in a category all of its own - complicated and designed to confuse.

Police Jargon

A

A&E Accident and Emergency AA Automobile Association AADL Automobile Association Development Limited - Vehicle recovery contractors used by North Yorkshire Police AAIB Air Accident Investigation Branch (Government) ABC Acceptable Behaviour Contract (Community Safety) ABEG Achieving Best Evidence Guidelines ABH Actual Bodily Harm ABI Association of British Insurers ABI MIAFTR (Online database of motor vehicle insurance claims) ACC Assistant Chief Constable ACPC Area Child Protection Committee ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers ACPORP Association of Chief Police Officers Road Policing Committee ACUs Area Command Units ADAS Agricultural Development and Advisory Service ADR European Agreement concerning the international carriage of Dangerous goods by Road AEAC Atomic Energy Authority Constabulary AFO Authorised Firearms Officer AFR Automatic Fingerprint Recognition AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIS(M) Military Aeronautical Information Service AIU Accident Investigation Unit ALO Architect Liaison Officer (Community Safety) ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition/Reader AoJ Administration of Justice APA Association of Police Authorities APC Adult Protection Committee APS Acting Police Sergeant or Accelerated Promotion Scheme ARCC Aeronautical Rescue Co-ordination Centre ART Aggression Replacement Training Programme ARV Armed Response Vehicle ASBO Anti-Social Behavioural Order (Community Safety) ASNT Area Searched No Trace ASP (Police baton) ASRO Addressing Substance Related Offending Programme ASSET Assessment tool used by the Youth Offending Team to identify the needs of offenders (Community Safety) ASU Air Support Unit or Admin Support Unit ATM Area Training Manager ATO Area Training Officer AVLS Automatic Vehicle Location Systems (Tracker)

B

BAPCO British Association of Public Safety Communication Officers BASICS British ASsociation of Immediate Care Schemes BAWP British Association of Women Police BCS British Crime Survey BCU Basic Command Unit BEM British Empire Medal BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour Explosion BMA British Medical Association BPA Black Police Association (Community Safety) or British Pipeline Agency BST British Summer Time BT British Telecom BTP British Transport Police BVPI Best Value Performance Indicator BVRLA British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association

C

CAA Civil Aviation Authority CAD Communities Against Drugs A government funding stream for Community Safety Partnership and DAT's (Community Safety) CAG Chief Constables Advisory Group CAP Community and Police Groups CBE Commander of the (Order of the) British Empire CBO Community Beat Office(r) CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear CBT Case Building Team CBT Compulsory Basic Training (relates to motorcycle and moped tests) CBU Case Building Unit CCTV Closed Circuit Television CD Compact Disc CD to P Complainant declines to prosecute CDD Corporate Development Department CDO Civilian Detention Officer CDRP Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership (Community Safety) CDU Corporate Development Unit CEPO County Emergency Planning Officer CESG Communication-Electronics Security Group CHEMSAFE CHEMical industry Scheme for Assistance in Freight Emergencies Childrens Fund A fund to address the gap in preventative services for young people at risk of social exclusion (Community Safety) CHIS Covert Human Intelligence Source CIA Crime Intelligence Analyst / Chemical Industries Association CICA Criminal Injuries Compensation Authorities CICB Criminal Injuries Compensation Board CID Criminal Investigation Department CIP Community Investment Prospectus. A plan developed by the community to spent SRB6 funds (Community Safety) CIREA Centre for Information, Reflection and Exchange on Asylum - EU working group - designed to aid exchange of information on conditions in asylum seekers' countries of origin CIU Collision Investigation Unit CJA Criminal Justice Act CJU Criminal Justice Unit CJX Criminal Justice Network see also PNN2 CLI Call Line Identification CNEN County Non Emergency Number (NYP Scheme) COMAH Control of Major Accident Hazards Community Plan A long term plan produced by each District Authority to ensure the social, economic and environmental well being of a community (Community Safety) Community Safety A partnership forum under Sects 5 and 6 of Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (Community Safety) Comsaf Community Safety Connexions A new guidance service for 13-19 year olds (Community Safety) COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations CPA Crime Pattern Analysis or Child Protection Agency CPBW Community Penalty Breach Warrant CPDA Crime Prevention Design Advisor (Same as ALO) (Community Safety) CPIA Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 CPIU Child Protection Investigation Unit CPO Community Punishment Orders / Community Punishment Orders CPRO Community Punishment and Rehabilitation Orders CPS Crown Prosecution Service CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Community Safety) CPU Child Protection Unit CRB Crime Reporting Bureau CRE Commission for Racial Equality CRIS Caravan Registration and Identification Scheme CRO Criminal Records Office / Cave Rescue Organisation / Community Rehabilitation Orders CROP Covert Rural Observation Point CRTP Competency Related Threshold Payment ( a payment given to police officers who have had at least one year at the top of their pay scale and can evidence their competency in the job that they do ) CRU Crime Reporting Unit CRUSE (Voluntary organisation for the counselling of the bereaved) CS (Incapacitating Spray) CSO Community Support Officer CSP Community Safety Partnership CTO Central Ticket Office CTS Counter Terrorist Search CTU Counter Terrorism Unit CVRS Contract Vehicle Recovery Scheme CVS Council for Voluntary Services (Community Safety) CYP Children and Young Persons

D

DAFS Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland DARG Drug and Alcohol Reference Group (Community Safety) DAT Drug Action Team (Community Safety) DCC Deputy Chief Constable DCI Detective Chief Inspector DCMS The Department for Culture, Media and Sport - Government DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Government) DEO Divisional Enquiry Officer DETR Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions DFES Department For Education and Skills (Government) DFID Department For Developing International Development - eg. Conflict in Africa, poverty reduction and sustainable development. DHQ Division Headquarters DI Detective Inspector DID Drink Impaired Drivers Programme DISC Diversity Incorporating Safer Communities DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid DOB Date of Birth Domains Shorthand for the proposed new Police Performance Assessment Framework (PPAF) DP Detained Person DPAS Drug Prevention Advisory Service (Community Safety) DPP Director of Public Prosecutions DRE Dynamic Reasoning Engine DRS Driver Rectification Scheme DS Detective Superintendent / Detective Sergeant DSA Draft Strategic Alliance. An agreement between the regional police forces and Yorks forward (to be ratified) (Community Safety) DSS Department of Social Security DTC District Training Centre now PTC DTI Department of Trade and Industry DTLR Transport Local Government Regions DTTO Drug Treatment and Testing Order. A community sentence aimed at tackling drug misuse linked to offending (Community Safety) DUMV Damage to Unattended Motor Vehicle DV Developed Vetting DVLA Driving Vehicle Licensing Authority DVLC Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre

E

EAH Early Administrative Hearing EBU European Broadcasting Union EC European Commission ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECU European Currency Unit now the Euro (€) EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EFQM European Foundation of Quality Management E-Gov E Government the government project to unify and create unified information systems throughout public service EGT Evidence Gathering Team EHO Environmental Health Officer ELO Explosives Liaison Officer EO Equal Opportunities EOD Explosives Ordnance Disposal ERAs Elected Regional Assemblies (Regional Government) ERB Emergency Response Belt (Used to safely restrain violent prisoners) ERDF European Rural Development Fund (Objective 2) (Community Safety) ESF European Social Fund (Objective 3 Training/skills and life long learning) (Community Safety) ETA Expected Time of Arrival ETD Effective Training and Development Ltd - to conduct an audit of PDR practice

F

F/T Full-time FBI Federal Bureau of Investigations FBO Football Banning Order FBOA Football Banning Order Authority FBU Fire Brigades Union FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Government) FCR Force Control Room FEO Firearms Enquiry Officer FFENQ Foreign Force Enquiry FIB Force Intelligence Bureau was Force Identification Bureau FIO Field Intelligence Officer or Football Intelligence Officer FIR Force Information Room FIU Force Intelligence Unit or Football Intelligence Unit FLO Family Liaison Officer (Fatal Road Traffic Accidents) or Football Liaison Officer Form 189 A form used by staff members of North Yorkshire Police to identify training needs and request training. FoV Focus on Violence Programme for Men and Women FPN Fixed Penalty Notice FPRI Fine Payment Rate Indicator FPT Fixed Penalty Ticket FPU Family Protection Unit FSG Force Strategy Group (now obsolete) FSS Forensic Science Service FSSL Forensic Science Service Laboratory FTA Warrant Failure To Appear Bench Warrant FTE Full Time Employed

G

GAIN Government Agency Intelligence Network GBH Grievous Bodily Harm GMT Greenwich Mean Time GOYH Government Office Yorkshire and Humber (Community Safety) GP General Practitioner GPA Gay Police Association GPR Guilty Plea Rate GSE Global Security Environment GSM (Mobile phone standard in Europe) GTA Government Technical Adviser GU Genito-Urinary (clinic) GYS Great Yorkshire Show

H

HAZCHEM HAZardous CHEMicals (Marking Scheme) HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle HMCE Her Majesty's Customs and Excise HMCG Her Majesty's Coast Guard HMIC Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary HMP Her Majesty's Prison HMSO Her Majesty's Stationary Office HO Home Office HOLAB Home Office Laboratory form HOLMES/ HOLMES II Home Office Large and Major Enquiry System (Computer system for major incidents) HOPD Home Office Prison Department HORT/1 Home Office Road Traffic Form 1 HQ Headquarters HR Human Resources HSC Health and Safety Commission HSE Health and Safety Executive

I

ICPO International Criminal Police Organisation ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection ICVA Independent Custody Visitors Association ID Identification IDEA Improvement and Development Agency (for Local Government) IED Improvised Explosive Device IGC Intergovernmental Consultations - Country of Origin Information Working Group - designed to aid exchange of information on conditions in asylum seekers' countries of origin IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods IND Immigration and Nationality Directorate Index of Multiple Deprivation A government scoring mechanism to identify the most socially deprived wards in the county (Community Safety) IO Investigating Officer IP Injured Party (Crime and RTA) IPA International Police Association IPR Intellectual Property Rights IPTF International Police Task Force IPU International Police Unit IRR Ionising Radiation Regulations IS Information Systems ISSP Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme (in place by Apr 03) IT Information Technology

J

JBB Joint Branch Board JCC Joint Central Committee JNCC Joint Negotiating and Consultative Committee JOC Joint Operations Centre JOCC Joint Operations Control Centre JOPI Joint Operational Instructions JPM Joint Performance Monitoring JSEODC Joint Service Explosive Ordnance Disposal Report Centre

L

LAGPA Lesbian and Gay Police Association LAP Local Area Policing LAPG Local Adult Protection Groups LCJB Local Criminal Justice Board LCPC Local area Child Protection Committee LEA Local Education Authority LGA Local Government Association - originated the Local PSAs concept LGC Laboratory of the Government Chemist LGV Light Goods Vehicle LIO Local Intelligence Office(r) LSE Local Security Environment LSP Local Strategic Partnership. District wide top level partnership to ensure joined up service delivery. They produce the Community Plan (Community Safety)

M

M Of G Manual of guidance MACC Military Aid to the Civil Community MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food MAIB Marine Accident Investigation Branch Mainstreaming A term used to show the implementation of Sect 17 Crime and Disorder Act (Community Safety) MAPPA Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements MAPPP Multi Agency Public Protection Panel MAST Mutual Aid Support Team MATO Military Air Traffic Operations MBE Member of the (Order of the) British Empire MCA Maritime & Coastguard Agency MDP (MoDP) Ministry of Defence Police MESMAC A Sexual Health Organisation working with Gay and Bisexual men - see Yorkshire Mesmac MFH Missing From Home MIBK Methyl Iso-butyl Ketone MID Motor Insurance Database MISPER Missing Person MO Modus Operandi MOD Ministry of Defence MODACE Management of Disaster and Civil Emergency MOE Method of Entry MOE Method of Entry - trained officers and method of gaining entry to houses etc MORI Social Research Institute MOT Ministry of Transport test MOU Memorandum of Understanding MP Member of Parliament MRCC Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre MRSC Marine Rescue Sub-Centre MRT Mountain Rescue Team MSF Most Similar Force

N

NACOSS National Approval Council for Security Systems NACRO National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders NAFIS National Automatic Fingerprint Identification System NAI Non-Accidental Injury NAIR National Arrangements for Incidents involving Radioactivity NASS National Asylum Seekers Service (Community Safety) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NBM National Briefing Model NCEC National Chemical Emergency Centre NCF National Competency Framework NCF National Crime Faculty NCIS National Criminal Intelligence Service NCOF National Crime and operations Faculty NCS National Crime Squad NFA No Further Action NFIU National Football Intelligence Unit NFU National Farmers Union NHS National Health Service NI National Insurance NIHHS Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances NIM National Intelligence Model NIP Notice of Intended Prosecution NIREP Nuclear Industry Road Emergency Plan NIS National Identification Service NMIS National Management Information Systems No Secrets Interagency Steering Group - Protection of vulnerable adults from abuse NRPB National Radiological Protection Board NSCCC (the Royal Navy's casualty reporting system) NSNR National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal (Community Safety) NSPCC National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSPIS National * Police Information Systems NTSS No Trace Suspect Stolen (PNC) NVASEC National Voluntary Aid Societies' Emergency Committee NVC Non Verbal Communication NVQ National Vocational Qualification NYCC North Yorkshire County Council NYFV North Yorkshire Forum for Voluntary Organisations (Community Safety) NYP North Yorkshire Police NYPAA North Yorkshire Police Athletic Association

O

OBTJ Offences Brought to Justice OFG Operational Firearms Group OFT Office of Fair Trading OGC Office of Government Commerce OIC Officer in Case or Officer in Charge OJEC Official Journal of the European Communities OPL Over Prescribed Limit (Drink Driving) OPSR Office of Public Services Reform OS Ordinance Survey OSC Office of the Surveillance Commissioners OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSO Operational Support Officer OSPRE Objective Structured Performance Related Examination OTD Other Than Dwelling i.e. Burglary O.T.D.

P

P/T Part-time PAA Police Athletic Association PACC Police Authority Community Consultation PACE Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 PACT PAG Police Advisory Group PAVA A synthetic pepper spray PAYE Pay as You Earn PC Police Constable / Personal Computer PCA Police Complaints Authority PCSO Police Community Safety Officer PCTs Primary Care Trusts formed 1/4/02 to replace old Health Authority (Community Safety) PCV Passenger Carrying Vehicle PCV Passenger Carrying Vehicle PDA Personal Digital Assistant (Handheld Computer) PDF Partnership Development Fund. A government fund to assist the development of partnerships (Community Safety)Or Personal Descriptive Form PDP Professional Development Profile PDR Personal Development Review PEACE Prepare/planning, Engage & explain, Account. Closure, Evaluation PFR Police Federation Regulations 1969 PID Project Initiation Document (Human Rights Audit 2000-2001) PII Public Interest Immunity PIMS Police Informant Management System PIN Personal Identification Number PIO Public Information Office or Principle Investigating Officer PIR Police Initial Recruitment or Passive Infra-Red PITO Police IT Organisation PM Post Mortem PMAS Police Mutual Assurance Society PMB Police Monitoring Board PMDU The Prime Minister's Delivery Unit - to strengthen the capacity of Whitehall to deliver the Government's key objectives the Prime Minister has established a Delivery Unit based in the Cabinet Office. The role of the Unit is to ensure that the Gov. achieves its priority objectives during this Parliament across the key areas of public service, which includes crime. PNB Police Negotiating Board/Pay and Conditions Working Group or Pocket Note Book PNC Police National Computer PNCB Police National Computer Bureau PNCD Police National Computer Database PNLD Police National Legal Database PNN2 Criminal Justice Network See Also CJX PODS Policing on Doorsteps POE Point of Entry POLSA Police Search Advisor POP Problem Oriented Policing or Partnership (Community Safety) POs Persistent Offenders POtac Public Order Tactical Advisor PPAF Police Performance Accountability Framework PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPMO Program & Project Management Office - now Programs Unit PPOs Prolific and other Priority Offenders PPT Prisoner Processing Team PRCU Policing and Reducing Crime Unit PRIME Problem Solving in Multi-agency Environments PRISM Programme Reducing Individual Substance Misuse PRU Pupil Referral Unit PSA Public Service Agreement. A government initiative where rewards are given to local authorities if they deliver against agreed challenging targets (Community Safety) - Under local PSAs authorities sign up to demanding targets to further improve outcomes beyond what has already been planned, in return for up-front investment in services, substantial reward grants for meeting targets, and the opportunity to negotiate administrative freedoms and flexibilities with the Government. Targets for performance indicators are set across a wide range of services eg. Crime prevention. PSDB Police Scientific Development Branch PSSO Police Skills and Standards Organisation PSU Police Support Unit PSV Public Service Vehicle PTC Police Training Centre PTI Physical Training Instructor PTS Post-traumatic Stress PYO Persistent Young Offender. A 10-17 year old sentenced in court on 3 or more occasions within a 3 year period (Community Safety)

Q

QA Quality Assurance QGM Queen's Gallantry Medal QPM Queens Police Medal or Quality and Performance Management

R

RA Regional Assembly (Regional Government) RAC Royal Automobile Club RAF Royal Air Force RAP Regional Action Plan. A regional plan for the focus of activity for Yorkshire forward (Community Safety) RAYNET Radio Amateurs' Emergency Network RDA Regional Development Agency (Community Safety) RDS Rural Development Service REC Racial Equality Councils Regional Assembly The regional seat of government (Community Safety) Restorative Justice Work with victims and offenders aimed at offenders understanding the consequences of their crime (Community Safety) REVCOM Radio Emergency Volunteer Communication RID (International regulations concerning the carriage of dangerous goods by rail) RIDDOR Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations RIMNET (Radioactive monitoring network system) RIO Rail Incident Officer RIPA Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act RISC Rental Industry Secure Customer RIU The Regulatory Impact Unit Scrutiny Team - part of the Cabinet Office's Modernising Government agenda to help spread best practice on good policy and regulation RJ Restorative Justice RK Registered Keeper (PNC Checks etc) RODS Referral Order Division Scheme ROSPA Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents ROTI Record of Taped Interview ROVI Record of Video Interview RP Reporting Person (Incidents, Crime, RTAs etc) RPG Road Policing Group RSI Roadside Interview or Repetitive Strain Injury RSO Registered Sex Offender RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty of Animals RTA Road Traffic Accident RTC Road Traffic Collision

S

SAR Search and Rescue SARDA Search and Rescue Dog Association SARSAT Search and Rescue Satellite System SAYE Save as You Earn SB Special Branch SCAN Scientific Content Analysis (highlight deceptions within written statements) SCAS Serious Crime Analysis Section (of the NCOF) SCC Senior Command Course SCI Safer Communities Initiative. A fund to replace the crime reduction fund administered by the Home Office (Community Safety) SDD Staff Development Day(s) SDS Staff Development Services - Now SDSD (Staff Development Services Department) SDSD Staff Development Services Department Section 115 Crime & Disorder Act Section that allows the exchange of information between partnership agencies to help reduce crime (Community Safety) Section 17 Crime & Disorder Act Section requires all local authorities including police authorities to consider crime and disorder reduction when exercising their duties (Community Safety) Secured by Design An award for developers which build to guidelines to reduce the opportunity for crime (Community Safety) Secured Car Parks A 1 year certificate for car parks with effective measures to create a safe (Community Safety) SEG (Ministry of Defence police) Special Escort Group SEU Social Exclusion Unit - set up to help improve Government action to reduce social exclusion by producing joined-up solutions to complex issues for which no single Gov. Dept. has responsibility, or which falls between the responsibilities of several Depts. (Teenage Pregnancy Unit in the Dept. of Health, the Rough Sleepers Unit in DTLR, the Children and Young Peoples Unit in DfES and the Neighbourhood Unit in DTLR) SGLR Senior Government Liaison Representative SID Source Input Document SIESO Society of Industrial Emergency Services Officers SIO Senior Investigating Officer -usually a DCI or DS SIPS Standard Instructions and Plans SIS Social Information Systems (commissioned by Youth Justice Board to get info, held by police on children under the age of criminal responsibility) SLA Service Level Agreement SLP Self-Loading Pistol SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-framed SNEN Single Non Emergency Number (National proposed scheme) SOC Scenes of Crime SOCO Scenes Of Crime Officer SODS Senior Officers Dining club SOER Scottish Office Emergency Room

'

'Splash' Schemes Run in disadvantaged estates targeting youths aged 13 to 17.

S

SPOC Single Point Of Contact (new forms) SPP Special Priority Payment SRAP Sub-Regional Action Plan. A development plan for accessing Yorks Forward funds and secure environment (Community Safety) SRB Single Regeneration Budget. A government fund (Community Safety) SRR Search and Rescue Region SSAIB Security Systems and Alarm Inspections Board Staff 1 The standard contract of employment for police support staff. SYOPS Guidance & Instructions for Information Security

T

TC Traffic Constable TCG Tasking and Coordinating Group TDA Take and Drive away (vehicle) TER The National Plant and Equipment Register TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio TFT Tactical Firearms Team TFU Tactical Firearms Unit TIC Taken into Consideration TIG Trials Issues Group Toolkits Crime Reduction website showing best practice on a number of issues www.crimereduction.gov.uk (Community Safety) TPAC Tactical Pursuit and Containment TPU Tactical Planning Unit TS Traffic Sergeant TSU Technical Support Unit TUMV Theft from Unattended Motor Vehicle TWLA Taken Without Lawful Authority (i.e. vehicle) TWOC Taken Without Owners Consent (i.e. vehicle)

U

UDT Unarmed Defensive Tactic UHF Ultra High Frequency UK United Kingdom UKCA United Kingdom Central Authority UKPIA United Kingdom Petroleum Industry Association UN United Nations UNISON (Civilian workers' trades union) UV Ultra Violet

V

VAD Vehicle Audit Document VAS Voluntary Aid Societies VASCAR Visual Average Speed Computer And Recorder VAT Value Added Tax VDR Vehicle Defect Rectification VDRS Vehicle Defect Rectification Scheme VEL Vehicle Excise License VHF Very High Frequency VHS Video Home System VIP Very Important Person VIPER Video Identification Parade Electronic Recording VODS Vehicle On-line Descriptive Search VRF Volunteer Reserve Forces VSS Victim Support Scheme

W

WDA Waste Disposal Authority WOFF (Woffed) Write Off WRVS Women's Royal Voluntary Service WYMAS West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service WYP West Yorkshire Police WYPOL West Yorkshire Police WYSiWYG What You See is What You Get - a term used within I.T. to describe a program or application that writes computer code through a simple interface.

Y

Y and NYPU York and North Yorkshire Partnership Unit (Community Safety) YACAB Youth Action Combating Anti-Social Behaviour YAO Youth Action Officer YIP Youth Inclusion Programmes YMCA Young Mens Christian Association Yorkshire Forward The name of our Regional Development Agency (Community Safety) YOT Youth Offending Team (Community Safety) YWCA Young Womens Christian Association

ADD YOUR OWN JARGON TO THIS SECTION:-